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What is Ankylosing Spondylitis? Understanding Inflammatory Arthritis of the Spine

What is Ankylosing Spondylitis?

Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of inflammatory arthritis that mainly affects the spine. In this condition, the joints in your back become swollen and stiff. Over time, some bones in the spine may even fuse together. Because of this, movement can become harder. Although it mostly targets the lower back, it can also affect other joints. For example, hips, shoulders, and even the eyes may be involved. This disease is long-lasting, but early care can help manage symptoms.

Common Symptoms

Symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis often start slowly. At first, you may notice mild pain or stiffness. However, these signs can get worse over time. Early detection is important, so watch for these common symptoms:

  • Chronic pain and stiffness in the lower back and hips, especially in the morning or after rest
  • Pain that improves with movement but gets worse with rest
  • Swelling in other joints, such as knees or ankles
  • Fatigue or feeling very tired
  • Reduced flexibility in the spine
  • In some cases, pain in the neck or shoulders
  • Red or painful eyes (rare, but possible)

    • Because symptoms can be mild at first, many people may not realize they have this condition. Yet, early treatment can help prevent serious problems.

    Main Causes and Risk Factors

    Doctors do not know the exact cause of ankylosing spondylitis. However, certain factors can raise your risk. For instance, genes play a big role. Most people with this disease have a gene called HLA-B27. Still, not everyone with this gene will get ankylosing spondylitis. Other risk factors include:

  • Family history of ankylosing spondylitis or other types of arthritis
  • Being male (men are more likely to develop this condition)
  • Young age (symptoms often start before age 40)
  • Having certain infections may trigger symptoms in rare cases

    • Although you cannot change your genes, knowing your risk can help you seek care sooner.

    How Ankylosing Spondylitis is Diagnosed

    Doctors use several steps to diagnose ankylosing spondylitis. First, they ask about your symptoms and family history. Next, they perform a physical exam to check your back and joints. If needed, they may order tests, such as:

  • X-rays or MRI scans to look for changes in the spine
  • Blood tests to check for inflammation or the HLA-B27 gene

    • Because symptoms can look like other types of back pain, a careful exam is important. Early diagnosis can help you start treatment sooner and avoid long-term damage.

    Treatment Options

    Although there is no cure for ankylosing spondylitis, many treatments can help manage symptoms. With the right care, most people can lead active lives. Common treatment options include:

  • Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce pain and swelling
  • Physical therapy to improve flexibility and strength
  • Exercise programs designed for spine arthritis treatment
  • Biologic medicines that target inflammation in severe cases
  • Surgery, but only in rare cases when joints are badly damaged

    • Because each person is different, your doctor will create a plan that fits your needs. Regular check-ups are important to track your progress.

    Lifestyle Tips for Managing Ankylosing Spondylitis

    Living with ankylosing spondylitis can be challenging. However, healthy habits can make a big difference. Try these tips to help manage your condition:

  • Stay active with gentle exercises like swimming or walking
  • Practice good posture to keep your spine straight
  • Use heat or cold packs to ease pain
  • Get enough rest, but avoid long periods of inactivity
  • Eat a balanced diet to support your overall health
  • Quit smoking, as it can make symptoms worse

    • In addition, joining a support group can help you connect with others facing similar challenges. Always talk to your doctor before starting new activities.

    Prevention and Early Detection

    Currently, there is no sure way to prevent ankylosing spondylitis. However, early detection can help you manage symptoms and avoid serious problems. If you have a family history or notice early signs, talk to your doctor right away. In many countries, including the United States, clinics offer screening for people at risk. Early treatment can help keep your spine healthy and improve your quality of life.

    If you think you may have ankylosing spondylitis, consult Dr. Mudit Nemani for personalized advice.